Franklin Watkins (1894-1972) American Artist. "MILL TOWN" Oil on Canvas. Signed Lower Right "FW". Dimensions; 36" x 28"; site 31" x 23".

An original American impressionist landscape of a rural home on a river by Edward Redfield. Oil on canvas measuring 20 x 24 signed lower left. In all original very good antique condition with the original frame. Edward Redfield is regarded as the premier painter of the New Hope School of American Impressionism, and, in his time, was considered one of the best landscape painters in the country...

A Beauriful vintage American Impressionist oil painting of a wooded fall landscape by Harry Leslie Hoffman. Oil on artist canvas presented in a quality gallery frame stamped with the artists estate stamp on verso and titled Old Lyme. Oil on canvas board measuring 12 x 16" overall size 18ʺW × 1ʺD × 22ʺH. In excellent vintage condition minor restorations. Artists Biography; Harry Leslie Hoffman was born 16 March 1871 at Cressona, Pennsylvania...

Oil on canvas laid on board, 14" by 18" (18" by 22" framed), the subject a California low desert landscape with distant snowy peaks, signed at lower left and bearing old pencil notation on reverse "Eug. Frandzen". This is a classic desert plein air painting, in need of a professional cleaning. There is overall soiling that dulls the colors and subtleties of this work. Frandzen was born in San Diego in the early year 1893. By the teens he was in Chicago at the Art Institute for training...

Oil on canvasboard painting of a home and greenery with a high mountain backdrop, signed at lower left faintly "J. F. Gasser" and inscribed on reverse "Original/by Rev. J. F. Gasser/April 1937/La Crescenta Calif". The work measures 12" by 16" (16" by 19 1/2" framed). The artist does not appear to be listed or known but was talented. An early scene in what is today a highly desirable upscale Los Angeles suburb backing up to the scenic Angeles National Forest.

Oil on board painting of colorful flowers in a blue ceramic vessel on a tabletop, 20" by 26" (26 1/2" by 32 1/2" as framed), apparently unsigned, the work dating to probably the years around 1930. There is an old crack at upper right as shown, not especially visible to the casual viewer, and I note some flaking and unstable paint in the lower 1/4 of the painting (see bright yellow underpaint showing through----ask for more detailed photos of this).

Oil on canvas laid on Masonite, 20" by 16" (27" by 23" nicely framed in gold California style frame by Summit Frames of San Diego), unsigned, attributed to the famed American sculptor and artist, JOHN GUTZON BORGLUM (1867-1941). The painting features a large tree such as would be found in a California redwood or sequoia forest. The attribution comes in the form of some cryptic notes on paperwork affixed to the reverse side, and a placard placed on the front side...

In the style of masters like William Harnett, John F. Peto, Otto Kaye and others, this is a painting of an ink bottle, old style fountain pen, pipe and matches, stamped envelope and calendar, signed at lower right "Roy Fay". The letter, in the trompe l'oeil" (French for "fool the eye") tradition, is addressed to himself, in "Pasadena, Cal", and is interestingly postmarked in Kansas. The calendar is from the "Ohio Grocery", of Pasadena, and the calendar sheet reads November 1912...

Sheila Deutsch, Phila. 20th century.

Oil on canvas.

Circa - 1930's

Reclining nudes.

24" x 30".

Unframed.

Signed on verso.

Good vintage unrestored condition.

A work by the noted California plein air artist RALPH HOLMES (1876-1963), featuring a stark arid landscape of the Southwest: a scene from Capitol Reef National Park in southern Utah (previously Capitol Reef National Monument), one of Holmes' favorite locales for painting. ***The 24" by 30" (28 1/2" by 34 1/2" in the probably original frame) painting is in need of restoration; there are numerous cuts and tears in the canvas, but it is hardly beyond recovery...

This is a perhaps circa 1930's or 1940's work in an earlier naive style, with a fisherman, sailing craft, and cabin on the shore. On canvas, simply tacked to the frame on the reverse side, the piece measures 21" by 30 1/2". I imagine this could be called "cabin art". If you're looking for a primitive piece for a country home, or even your urban home, consider this charming work...

Oil on canvasboard, 16" by 20" and 1 1/4" dark stained oak frame, signed at lower left with initial "D", and executed en grisaille (grays, whites, black). This is a work by an accomplished artist, showing what appears to be a solemn funeral gathering, with a minister reading from the bible as a black gravedigger looks on at right. The style of dress of the mourners suggests the 19th century as the period depicted...

Kenneth Frazier (American, 1867-1949) landscape painting titled "Autumn" in Garrison NY. Oil on canvas, dated 1930, initialed by artist in lower right 'KF'. Size: 25 inches x 30 inches. Kenneth Frazier was a New York artist who worked in a variety of styles: Art Nouveau, Impressionist & Realist. He was an illustrator, as well as a figure, portrait and landscape painter, and worked in both oil and watercolor...

Jonas Lie (Norwegian/American, 1880-1940) - A large size landscape painting of a stand of white birch trees by a lake, with mountains in the background. Oil on canvas. Signed in lower left. Jonas Lie was a Norwegian born American painter, known for his paintings of the coastlines of New England and city views of New York City.

Oil on canvas painting of a tabletop with flowers in vase and assorted decorative objects, 20" by 24" (26" by 20 1/2" framed), signed at lower left by artist HAZEL PETRA FETTERLEY BOEHME (1900-1941). On the reverse of the canvas the artist has written the title "Mid-Victorian", the date (May 1932), her name, Los Angeles, Cal., and original price of $75 or possibly $175 (appears she went over the numbers----maybe in difficult Depression times she had second thoughts on pricing)...

An impressionist still life of vase and flowers on a table top in an interior, 23 1/2" by 17 1/2" (29" by 22 3/4" framed), signed at lower right by artist HAIG ALTOUN and dated there 1940. The work is beautifully executed by a trained hand but strangely I do not see a listing for an artist by this name, which is of Armenian extraction. Condition is excellent.

Oscar Florianes Bluemner (1867-1938), . The painting is 7 x 10 inches. The medium is watercolor and pencil. Provenance: The Estate of Oscar Bluemner's widow, sold to Virginia collector and then to a collector in New Jersey. Art & Antique Gallery, Inc., Worcester, MA. It may have been a preliminary painting for a larger painting titled: "Play of Barns-Red" exhibited at the Owen Gallery in 2001. (size 28 x 30 inches). I spoke with Mr. Owen about this painting to get details. The two titles are ...

A vintage still life oil painting of yellow and orange flowers in a brown jug on a table top, unframed, 30" by 36", signed at lower right by listed Southern California artist BERTHA TOWNSEND COLER (1865-1948). Coler was born in Ohio and studied with Robert Henri and William Merritt Chase in New York City. By 1928 she had moved to Santa Monica, California and for the next two decades was a prolific painter in watercolor and oil, concentrating on portraits and still life, with some landscapes in t...

Oil on canvas portrait of a middle aged man seen in profile, not signed on the front, possibly signed on the reverse, 20" by 16", unframed. The man appears to be a clerk in his work clothes, circa 1910 to mid 1930 perhaps. On the reverse written faintly on the canvas is "WM. HODES FRANKLIN" or similar--. Below that is what appears to be "BRACKMAN". Robert Brackman (1898-1980) was a well-known artist in the northeastern United States at mid-century, painting figures, landscapes, portraits, a...

Oil on canvas still life of a small statuette of a horse and a copper vessel on a small table, 13" by 15" (14" by 16 1/2" as framed), signed at lower right "Virginia Weaver". I do not see a listing for the artist but evidently she was quite talented, as the perspective and flattening of the picture plane shows familiarity with modernist trends of the early 20th century. The painting has some condition issues, such as a depression at top that shows as a shadowed area in the photos taken in angl...

Oil on Upson board painting of zinnias in a table top vase, curtains vaguely defining the background, 20" by 16" and 2 1/4" wide old frame, signed at lower right "C. G. Force" (I believe CLARA GUNNISON FORCE 1852-1939). Force was born in Erie, Pennsylvania of Swedish heritage. She studied with Charles Webster Hawthorne, William Merritt Chase and Frank DuMond. Force did paint in Europe, Cape Cod, Provincetown, Woodstock, New York. Earlier works were miniature portraits; she was a member of the ...

Oil on canvas laid on board painting of a tree in late autumn, the leaves still in their golden glory, haystacks filling the meadow. This work measures 8" by 10" and is unsigned and not framed. On the reverse is written in pencil "Oct 7 - 1939". More than likely this is by a listed artist but his or her identity will remain a mystery. Put a frame around it and this will shine.

Oil on canvas, 18" by 25" (19 1/2" by 26 1/2" as framed) signed lower left "F. Glyndon". This is a nicely painted landscape of the edge of the forest, with pink blossoms on one of the trees, by FRANK GLYNDON (1847-1937). Glyndon was born in Prague, Bohemia and arrived in New York by ship from Liverpool in 1892. Shortly after 1900, Glyndon lived in Alameda, California. He was known for genre, landscapes, and portrait paintings. Some paintings have recently sold at auction, one, of a night sce...

Everett Lloyd Bryant landscape oil painting on canvas signed lower right. Measuring 28"L x 36"W. Everett Lloyd Bryant studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts with Thomas Anschutz, William Merritt Chase, and Hugh Breckenridge. A member of the Baltimore Watercolor Society, Philadelphia Watercolor Club, and California Watercolor Society, Bryant exhibited at the Salons of the Societe Nationale des Beaux-Arts in Paris (1895), the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (1904-24), Art Insti...

A nicely painted oil on canvas of flowers in a vase, 20" by 16" (22" by 18" in original frame), signed at lower right by Canadian-born, California impressionist artist GEORGIA P(ERKINS) FOSTER (1881-1965). On the reverse is the original label of the Oakland Art Gallery, giving the artist's name and address in Berkeley, and the title, "Marigolds". The impressionist technique is skilled and pleasing, and the work is in good condition, though a cleaning would be complementary. Foster came to Cal...

Oil on canvas painting of trees in a tawny dry landscape, 12" by 20" and 1" wide old wood frame, signed at lower left by artist S. J. TUJAGUE. At first I had difficulty reading the signature but some net research showed this to be by an artist apparently at least originally hailing from Louisiana, there being a number of pieces, some still life works, having been auctioned in New Orleans. A famous restaurant in that city goes by this name. From the looks of things the talented artist might ...

Oil on canvas landscape with a home and small out building, possibly but not at all necessarily a California scene, measuring 10" by 14" (12 1/4" by 16 1/4" as framed), signed at lower right (I think in ink) "....... E. Miller" and dated there '32. The actual first part of the signature is difficult to read, but on the stretcher in pencil is written "E. E. Miller". I do not see any listing for this artist, but, as is often the case, the lack of a listing does not mean the artist wasn't talente...

Manfred Schwartz oil painting titled "head" a wonderful piece from his early period with heavy influence on this piece by his friend Matisse . The painting is is great condition and its original frame with title on back . Size sight of canvas 19 3/4" by 11.5" . PERMANENT COLLECTIONS The Brooklyn Museum, NY The Chrysler Museum, VA The Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY The Museum of Modern Art, NY New School for Social Research Art Center, NY New York Public Library, NY The Newark Museum,...

A vintage circa 1930's oil on canvas still life of various kinds of flowers in a blue vase on a table top, signed at extreme lower right "N B Wise" or "M B Wise". There is a fragment of a gallery label on reverse and last letters indicated ".......ati", so I believe this might have Cincinnati, Ohio in its past. I do not see a listing for an artist by this name. The work measures 26" by 22" (29 1/2" by 25" in old appealing gold frame). The painting has soiling consistent with its age and a di...

THREE unframed/unstretched oil sketches of California landscapes, circa 1930's to 1940's, measurements 11" by 14", 14" by 17", and 18" by 13 1/2", one signed at lower right by listed Southern California artist BERTHA TOWNSEND COLER (1865-1948). Coler was born in Ohio and studied with Robert Henri and William Merritt Chase in New York City. By 1928 she had moved to Santa Monica, California and for the next two decades was a prolific painter in watercolor and oil, concentrating on portraits and s...

"The Farm" oil on canvas 40" x 25" Elsie Palmer was born in San Antonio, Texas on September 9, 1884 and was raised by parents who had emigrated from England where her father had raised fine horses. In 1886, they moved from Texas, where they had tried unsuccessfully to raise horse, to Los Angeles and then to San Francisco where Elsie Payne was raised. After studying locally at the Best Art School, she worked as a commercial artist designing billboards and ads including for Old Dutch Cleanser, Kel...

Oil on board painting of autumnal trees, (California sycamores?), hazy mountains in the distance, unsigned, circa 1930's or 1940's. The work measures 9" by 12" and 11 5/8" by 14 1/2" in old probably original frame. The lack of a signature frustrates an effort to identify this talented artist, who might well be listed. The ornate frame is in good condition save for a missing chip at upper left. Painting is a bit soiled consistent with its age. There is a vertical line of soiling or foreign m...

**PAIR** of oil on board paintings (each 14" by 11", plus framing 1 1/4" wide), of nymphs clad only in diaphanous veils, dancing in classical poses in forested landscapes, rays of light selectively illuminating the scenes. The works are by New England artist ROBERT C. WOODBERRY (1874-). Woodberry was born in Massachusetts and appears to have spent most of his life in New England, painting mostly landscapes. He was a student of W. D. Hamilton, and, at the Academie Julian in Paris, of Jean Paul...

EDMUND GREACEN-AMERICAN; 1876-1949 WINTER LANDSCAPE Oil on Canvas Signed and Dated: Lower Right Edmund Greacen 1939; Signed and Dated on Back EG was born in NY, traveled, studied and lived in Europe, and eventually settled in NY and Old Lyme Ct. He studied with Wm Merritt Chase, Robert Henri among others. Greacen is one of the founders of the Grand Central Art Studio in NY. He was a member of the National Academy of Design, and recipient of the Salmagundi Samuel Shaw Prize. In this painting...

Original oil (50" x 40") by Bertha Ballou (American/ 1891-1978). Bertha Ballou studied at the ASL, the Boston School of Fine Art and in Florence. She settled in Spokane, WA. She is the daughter of Colonel C. Ballou, who was commandant at Fort George Wright in the 20's, and the painting is a portrait of Kitty, daughter of Colonel and Mrs. Marshall Candee, also of Fort George Wright (where the painting was purchased--at that time it was still Fort Wright College). Ballou is listed in Davenport...

Oil on canvas landscape painting of a river in a wooded landscape at dusk, (19 1/2" by 23 1/2" framed), signed at lower right by the listed artist IRA McDADE (1867-1954). The scene could be Pennsylvania or Texas, as the artist is associated with both states. Born in Pittsburgh at the end of the Civil War, he studied art at the Pittsburgh School of Art and for a time under well-known Pennsylvania artist A. F. King. Further studies ensued in Europe at the Academie Julian and in Germany at Leipz...

**PAINTING HAS ACQUIRED DAMAGE SINCE PHOTOS WERE TAKEN** Contact me first. An historically interesting and significant oil painting of an early street scene in Los Angeles' small, historical Chinatown, circa 1930's, 30" by 38", unframed, signed at lower left by listed Southern California artist BERTHA TOWNSEND COLER (1865-1948). Coler was born in Ohio and studied with Robert Henri and William Merritt Chase in New York City. By 1928 she had moved to Santa Monica, California and for the next tw...

Old American landscape with trees framing a lake, 8" by 10", 12" by 13 3/4" in the gold frame, signed at lower right with name "H. Wolosky". The oil on board work probably dates to the 1920's or 1930's. I do not see an obvious artist name that I could link to this piece. A Cooper Union (New York City) old circular label remains affixed to the back of the board. Condition is vintage good, no problems.

Original oil painting on canvas by Moscow-born Abraham Solomon Baylinson (Russia, USA, 1882-1950). Circa 1932. Signed l.l. Also signed on the stretcher and titled "Nude" by the artist. Inscribed "CB-15" and dated 1932 on the canvas verso. 16" by 12" painting alone. 22" by 18" in its frame. A.S. Baylinson studied at the ASL, the National Academy of Design, and the New York School of Art with Robert Henri (alongside fellow students Edward Hopper, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Rockwell Kent, etc.) He tau...

Oil on board painting of whitewashed, red tile roof typical California architecture, a garden in bloom in the brilliant sunshine, painted circa 1940 by an anonymous artist. The impressionist technique is outstanding, and I believe that were this signed, we would see the name of a listed artist. Written in old hand in pencil on the reverse of the board is "Pomona College Claremont". Pomona College, now part of the Claremont Colleges, is today a prestigious and selective liberal arts instituti...

Oil on masonite painting "Autumn in the Rockies" by Arthur J. Hammond (sgnd l.r.). This work uses bright autumnal colors muted with browns and greys. The broad, heavy strokes give the work a post-Impressionist look. The painting was acquired along with two others, both dated 1924, hence the dating of this work.

The back is marked in pencil in the artist's hand, "Autumn in the Rockies/Arthur J. Hammond/Rockport, Massachusetts." A later label in another hand reads, "Arthur J. Hammond/Am. b. ...

Oil on canvas painting, 20" by 28" (24" by 32" framed), the subject a great clipper ship of the 19th century silhouetted against the setting sun (or dawn) on a calm sea. The painting is signed at lower left by the artist, William P. Lawrence and is dated below that either 1938 or 1928; difficult to discern. I don't see that he is a listed artist but obviously he was talented. The scene has a fine luminosity and clearly shows the painter's understanding of light and backlighting. CONDITION: ...

This is a very Attractive OIL PAINTING, OIL On CANVAS by the Artist: CARL BUCK. This work is dated 1935. Size is 20.5" X 26" Framed; sight size 15.75" X 20" both approx. The Canvas has been relined and is in Excellent Condition. From a Maryland Estate of Fine Items. A well~listed Artist.

Oil on canvasboard, 14" by 10" (19 1/4" by 15 1/4" as framed), signed at lower right in red "K. L. Weatherly" and dated there 1940. One of two works by this same artist I acquired at the same time, (the other one also in my shop), this is an impressionistic view of a southern American regional landscape, a swamp or lake with bald cypress and Spanish moss hanging from the trees. Such a scene would normally be encountered in a place like the Louisiana bayous. The artist Weatherly does not seem...

An historically interesting and significant oil painting of an intimate scene in Los Angeles' small, historical Chinatown, circa 1930's, 30" by 24", the frame 37" by 31", signed at lower left by listed Southern California artist BERTHA TOWNSEND COLER (1865-1948) and titled on stretcher "Home sweet home in old Chinatown". A label on the frame shows the original $150 price and the artist's 2021 Holly Drive, Los Angeles, address at the time. Coler was born in Ohio and studied with Robert Henri an...

This is an American painting from the first half of the 20th century, the subject gulls in flight. The unsigned oil on canvas measures 24" by 36", plus 2 1/2" of interesting Deco style weathered black painted wood frame on a side. I purchased this in Miami some years back, thinking the work bore considerable resemblance to the Florida-period works of JANE PETERSON (1876-1965), a major American artist who painted in South Florida for some time. Her works of that time are distinctive for this k...

Very subtle and elegant oil on canvas, 24 1/2" by 30" (27 1/2" by 33 1/2" as framed) signed at lower right by listed Midwest artist MARY C. PETERSON and dated "31", showing an Asian inspired still life scene in monochromatic minimalist tones of beige, gray and tan. The artist added just a spot of color at lower left where two iris are in full flower. This is a particularly easy to live with painting---I enjoyed it on my wall for quite some time. It bears an old label on the reverse: "THE ART...

Pre-1940 painting of mountains and waterfall, unsigned, measuring 16" by 30" (19 1/4" by 33 1/2" framed), in the loosely impressionist style popular since the early years of the century. Ideal for vacation cabin or other rustic home. As found---some digs and light scratches are present. See photos.

A very interesting and unusual painting, appearing to be gouache on a prepared gessoed panel (and the piece is accordingly quite heavy for its size), featuring Native American indian dancers and onlookers in the Southwest, likely Navajos of New Mexico or northeastern Arizona. The 22 1/2" by 27" unframed work is signed at lower right "Arline Wyrick". A quick google search did not reveal any obvious links to a known artist, but she was obviously quite skilled, and this bears further research. T...

Oil on canvas, 16 1/2" by 28 1/2" (20" by 32" framed), the scene a Mediterranean California style courtyard garden complete with fountain pond, palms and other vegetation, signed at lower left by the artist, one Daisy Dean Lucas, and dated there 1938. A google search shows an interesting tidbit concerning a woman by that name in Kern County, California, estranged from her apparently wealthy husband and attempting to sue him in the year 1937. Other than this I do not see a lot of information on...

HENRY ORNE RYDER American Artist (1860-1943). Autumn Landscape Oil on Canvas; Signed: Lower Left "H. O. Ryder" Ryder (occasionally spelled Rider) was born in Salem MA. He studied at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston and the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and the Academie Julian in Paris. He is listed in several publications including WWW in American Art, Davenport's Art Reference and The Artist's Bluebook

Circa 1940's oil on canvas floral still life painting, 24" by 30", signed at lower right Helen Hayes. This is a competently painted work that has seen some neglect. Sold in as-is condition, since the bottom roughly five inches, as shown in the photos, has significant pinpoint losses. Each is small but the overall effect is almost as if someone dipped the painting in water, leaving a "bathtub ring". Study the photos carefully. Could be restored or if you are a restorer and can do it yoursel...

Unframed oil on paper on board painting of a desert Southwest landscape, 8 1/2" by 12", signed at lower right M. Edwards. The painting probably dates to the 1920's or 1930's I would guess. It has accumulated a lot of soiling and varnish has yellowed, so it desperately needs a cleaning. Note the left extreme edge, which must have been behind a frame, to get some idea of the potential after cleaning. There is also a small dig at right edge, and upper right corner of the paper is missing. This...

Oil on canvas still life of flowers in a glass vase, painted in an impressionist hand, 24" by 20" (unframed), signed at lower right corner by artist "L. C. King" and dated there 1939. These flowers could be dahlias. The artist does not appear to be listed but he/she was talented. Frame in perhaps a dark silvery frame for best effect, to pick up on the silvery gray light. Extreme bottom edge has some abrasion from framing, leading to paint loss. There is a small puncture at far right in the ...

A most unusual painting, found in Maine, of all places: a circa early 1930's unframed oil on canvas, 26" by 18 1/2", unsigned, featuring an idealized dark-haired lady in a costume appearing almost Spanish, a basket full of oranges sitting on the path next to her, a classic California mission with bell tower in the distance along the scenic coastline, while two young men dressed in 1930 style look on in admiration. The "Golden California" art appears almost as if it could have been destined to ...

A vintage still life oil painting, unframed, 30" by 24", signed twice at lower right (one, very faint) by listed Southern California artist BERTHA TOWNSEND COLER (1865-1948). Coler was born in Ohio and studied with Robert Henri and William Merritt Chase in New York City. By 1928 she had moved to Santa Monica, California and for the next two decades was a prolific painter in watercolor and oil, concentrating on portraits and still life, with some landscapes in the mix. Coler was a member of W...

Oil on canvas painting of pink roses in a glass vase with metal kettle on a table top, 20" by 24" (25 1/2" by 29 1/2" framed), signed at lower right by artist Nell Smith. I do not see a listing for this name. The age of the painting judging by style, frame and stretcher would be circa 1940. Condition is good save for overall soiling and a roughly 1 3/4" narrow paint loss area at top right. Overall a very "Shabby Chic" work.

"Quarry Near Barret, Vermont" Oil on Board, 20" x 32" unframed, circa 1935 John Heliker was an American born in Yonkers, New York in 1909. Originally a cubist painter, he evolved into a realist. He studied at the Arts Students League from 1927-1929. Between 1948 and 1958, he made numerous trips to Italy, which had a great influence on his work. In 1951, he received the Guggenheim fellowship. He taught at three universities in New York City, including Columbia University from 1950-1977, as ...

G. Ralph Smith (b. 1907, Circleville, Ohio,lived Phila,PA) Drawing, c. 1930's 24" x 30" Framed STUDIED: PAFA, 1933-38 Cresson Traveling Scholarship, 1937 EXHIBITED: Columbus Museum of Art PAFA Philadelphia Museum of Art Albright Knox Art Gallery Philadelphia Art Alliance National Academy of Design Butler Institute of American Art Scribner's (solo) New York -Swains Gallery Philadelphia -Woodmere Art Museum Philadelphia COLLECTIONS: Col...

Oil on paper estate stamped 'Ramstonev'. This work was done during the late 1930's as part of the 'Cooperative' project in the New Hope, Pa. modern art community. Charles Ramsey, Louis Stone and Charles Evans worked collectively on many drawings and paintings during this time. While all three were accomplished artists they decided to suppress their individual egos and create works in keeping with the leftist philosophies proposed by many of the intellectuals of the time and the socialist leaning...