Authentic ancient Roman red-slip terracotta erotic oil lamp, circa 1st century A.D. The central discus is molded with two people in a sexual act on a couch, with the filling hole pierced below, framed by two raised encircling bands and an elaborate nozzle adorned with volutes pierced with a wick hole mouth and an oval ring handle at the back. On a flat base incised with an oval groove. NOTE: Most Roman terracotta oil lamps are made of low-fire clay...

Authentic ancient Imperial Roman terracotta oil lamp, 1st-early 2nd century A.D. The lamp has a central discus that bears a molded head of Medusa. The filling hole is located below the discus and is surrounded by three raised encircling bands. The lamp has an elaborate long nozzle adorned with volutes and pierced with a wick-hole mouth. Additionally, the lamp has two extended side lugs on either side in the form of griffin heads and an oval ring handle at the back...

This is an exquisite piece of history - an arrowhead that was used by the skilled Achaean archers in Ancient Greece. It is made of durable bronze and has a unique V-shaped tanged design known as type VIIIb. This arrowhead belongs to the Bronze Age period, which lasted from around 1500 B.C. to the final phases of the Mycenaean era in 1100 B.C. - a time that coincided with the legendary Trojan War. It's fascinating to think about the battles that were fought with weapons like these...

Ancient Scythian cast bronze horse snaffle bit bridle 6th - 4th century B.C. Northern Black Sea Region. It comprises two interlocking straight mouthpieces notched with ribbed patterns and ended with integral key headings.

This remarkable artifact is an ancient horse bit dating back to the 6th-4th century B.C. and was used by the Scythian people in the Northern Black Sea Region...

This exquisite short sword or dagger blade is a stunning example of Bronze Age craftsmanship dating back to 1500-1200 B.C. It was discovered in the North-Western Asiatic region close to the Caspian Sea. The blade is cast in one piece, with a double-edged tapering design that comes together at a pronounced central rib. The blade has a short tang that was used to attach the handle...

This is an Achaean archer's arrowhead that was crafted in bronze using the V-shaped tanged technique. It belongs to the type VII c category and dates back to the Bronze Age, which lasted from 1500 B.C. until the final phases of the Mycenaean period in 1100 B.C. Ancient Greek archers commonly used this type of arrowhead during the Trojan War.

REFERENCES: For related Greek - Achaean's V-shaped tanged arrowhead, please see:

1. http://www.salimbeti.com/micenei/weapons3.htm

2...

This is an Achaean archer's arrowhead that was crafted in bronze using the V-shaped tanged technique. It belongs to the type VIII b category and dates back to the Bronze Age, which lasted from 1500 B.C. until the final phases of the Mycenaean period in 1100 B.C. Ancient Greek archers commonly used this type of arrowhead during the Trojan War.

REFERENCES: For related Greek - Achaean's V-shaped tanged arrowhead, please see:

1. http://www.salimbeti.com/micenei/weapons3.htm

2...

This is an Achaean archer's arrowhead that was crafted in bronze using the V-shaped tanged technique. It belongs to the type VII c category and dates back to the Bronze Age, which lasted from 1500 B.C. until the final phases of the Mycenaean period in 1100 B.C. Ancient Greek archers commonly used this type of arrowhead during the Trojan War.

REFERENCES: For related Greek - Achaean's V-shaped tanged arrowhead, please see:

1...

Ancient Armenian Urartian bronze large bowl for libation (phiale) or a wine bowl, Urartu circa 9th-7th century B.C.

The walls, hammered from a single sheet of bronze, are decorated with 49 vertical ribs in fine repoussé work, radiating from a central roundel. A slightly flaring rim chased with four rings and a continuous scalloped pattern above the ribs.

Libation bowls, of similar form and pattern, are known as phiale, were used across a wide geographical area - from ancient Greece, C...

Ancient ca. 800-450 B.C. central European Hallstatt culture. Celtic Bronze Torc Torque of penannular form, circular in section, with hammer-flattened terminals curled into delicate tubular loops.

CONDITION: beautifully preserved with a rich green patina.

Diameter (max.) 11.7 cm (4.61 inches). Weight: 60 grams.

Ancient MID-LATE BRONZE AGE circa 1500 - 1200 B.C. Central European Celtic Bronze spiral armband – bracelet, made from one continuous bronze wire, coiled at each end into two large spiral terminals. The spirals have been expertly crafted to sit opposite one another and vertically down the wearer’s arm.

CONDITION: beautifully preserved with a rich green patina.

MEASUREMENTS: Overall length: 8.7. cm (3.43 inches). Diameter of the spirals (max.) 7.5 cm (2.95 inches).

WEIGHT: 1...

A very good quality Ancient Egyptian turquoise faience Wadjet Eye, Amulet. Late Dynastic Period, 26th Dynasty 664-525 B.C.

Very high-quality artwork with fine incised details, notched feathered eyebrow, raised pupil, rear spiral and ribbed drop. Pierced through the length so that it could be threaded and worn.

The Eye of Horus is an ancient Egyptian symbol of protection and power, and it represents the right eye of the Egyptian falcon god, Horus, the "Eye of the Sun God Ra.

The Eye o...

A fine hardstone cyliner seal, Middle Assyrian Empire, 1363-912 BC.

The seal is carved in a matte-black stone and depicts a hunting scene with the great bending to shoot an arrow against a 4-legged animal, crescent above.

Size: 26-27 mm. tall and 11 mm. thick.

Condition: VF, intact with some wear and fine patination and micro deposits.

Ex. German Private Collection

A nice larger stone seal, Middle Assyrian Empire, 1363-912 BC.

The seal is carved in a jet black stone, and depicts a crowded array of a human, animals and symbols, (bad roll-out, the seal is sharper).

Size: 28-29 mm. tall and 14 mm. thick.

Condition: VF, intact with fine patination and micro deposits.

Ex. German Private Collection

A fine thick cylinder seal carved in green-black stone, Old Assyrian Empire, local Levantine provincial style, Early 2nd. millenium BC.

Relatively large and attractive seal engraved with a running man or deity, a horned animal and a palmtree, crescent above.

Size: 23 mm. x 14 mm.

Condition: Extremely fine and intact with deposits and patina.

Ex. German Private Collection

Larger than usual bucchero ware kantharos of canonical shape. The high-swung strap handles attached at the rim and the dented ridge at the join to the straight wall. Standing on a low flared foot. Incised lines just below the rim.
Rasmussen’s type 3e kantharos of the standard coastal type known from workshops in the Etruscan cities of Vulci and Cerveteri.
For similar examples, cf. items 240-242 in: Ines Jucker. Italy of the Etruscans. Mainz 1991.
Ceramic, bucchero ware ...

A lovely stamp seal uncleaned and as found, still with dirt in the devices and with uncleaned deposits! Round seal engraved in the base with a Cruciform design and pierced through, Mesopotamian, Late Ubad- Early Uruk period, 4th. millenium BC.

Size: 20 mm.

Condition: Good Very fine, small gauge at the back, othervise intact and with great cleaning potential.

Provenance: Gustav Oberländer (1926-2012), Oberländer aquired his massive and important collection betw...

A very impressive large stone seal, Middle Assyrian Empire, 1363-912 BC.

The seal is carved in a superb green-brown stone, very glossy and depicts a human or deity with a Palm-tree and a Goat, crescent above.

Size: 36 mm. tall and 11 mm. thick.

Condition: EF, completely intact with fine patination and micro deposits.

Ex. German Private Collection

A fine and impressive large stoned seal, Middle Assyrian Empire, 1363-912 BC.

The seal carved with a stylized hunting-scene with armed men and animals.

Size: 30 mm. tall and 13 mm. thick.

Condition: EF, completely intact with fine patination and micro deposits.

Ex. German Private Collection

Finely painted and early Indo-persian manuscript depicting a important with elephants and royalty. The other side with text. Finely coloured and gilt in parts!

Size: 24,7 cm x 17 cm.

Ex. Strømberg Antiques, Copenhagen, 1980s.

Finely painted and early Indo-persian manuscript depicting a Price with his Concubine on a golden couch with two female attendants in front of a Palace with a finely lit landscabe behind. The other side with text. Finely coloured and gilt in parts!

Size: 25 cm x 16 cm.

Ex. Strømberg Antiques, Copenhagen, 1980s.

Finely painted and early Indo-persian manuscript depicting a late sunset trip on the river just in front of a fortified city. A powerful man seated on the throne, perhaps a Caliph or Emir, in a horse-headed boat with Concubines and attendants. The other side with text. Finely coloured and gilt in parts!

Size: 21,8 cm x 16 cm.

Ex. Strømberg Antiques, Copenhagen, 1980s.

This exceptional artifact is a one-piece dagger blade made of bronze, originating from the North-Western part of Asia during the Ancient Bronze Age, which existed from 1500 to 1200 B.C. The blade is a masterpiece of craftsmanship, displaying a tapering double-edged structure with a pronounced central rib. The rib, which runs down the center of the blade, would have added strength to the weapon. The blade also has a short tang, which is a protruding part of the blade that would have been used to ...

This remarkable artifact is an ancient bronze short sword or dagger blade, originating from the Holy Land during the Bronze Age (1500-1200 B.C.). The blade boasts a tapering double-edged design with a medial ridge, which would have made it an incredibly effective weapon in battle. The short tang attached to the handle makes it easy to wield and maneuver, allowing its user to strike with precision and agility.

It's fascinating to think that this weapon existed during the time of Moses and m...

An ancient Canaanite bronze dagger blade from the Holy Land area dates back to the Bronze Age, circa 1500-1200 B.C. This blade dates back to the time of Moses. The blade is double-edged, tapering, and has a medial ridge. It was cast, hand-forged, and has a short tang for attaching a handle.

MEASUREMENTS: Overall length: 20.5cm (8.7 inches)

CONDITION: It is in excellent condition for an antique combat dagger that is over 3000 years old. No cracks or repairs. The surface is covered b...

This fascinating artifact is an ancient Canaanite bronze dagger blade, estimated to date back to the Bronze Age, specifically around 1500-1200 BC, which coincides with the time of Moses. The blade was crafted using casting and hand-forging techniques to create a double-edged tapering blade with a striking medial ridge. The short tang at the base of the blade was likely used to attach a handle, giving the wielder greater control over the weapon.

This piece offers a glimpse into the skilled c...

This ancient artifact is a stunning bronze spearhead with a double-edged blade that tapers to a sharp point, perfect for penetrating armor or fending off enemies. It features a flattened central rib that runs down the blade's center and extends into a rectangular tang, providing a secure grip for its wielder.

This remarkable piece dates back to the 14th-10th century B.C. and was found in the Caspian Sea area of Amlash. Its intricate design and impeccable craftsmanship are a testament to the...

Rare and museum-quality ancient bronze dagger blade from the early Bronze Age, dating back to 2300-2000 B.C. It was found in Asia Minor (Anatolia), specifically in the central part of Northern Anatolia, belonging to the Hattian civilization. The blade is finely cast in one piece and has a tapering double-edged structure with a pointed tip. On each face, there is a pronounced central ridge flanked by two narrow ribs that extend from the tip of the blade to the short tang, which is pierced with a ...

Ancient Greek Cypriot bronze tanged dagger or spear blade from the Bronze Age, dating back to circa 2500-1600 B.C. The blade has a broad tapering double-edged shape with a flattened central rib flanked by two shallow fullers, making it perfect for thrusting and cutting. The blade extends into a rectangular-section tang with a "hooked" terminal at the end for easy attachment to a handle or shaft.

REFERENCES: For related blades, please see:

1.https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/se...

This is a remarkable piece of history - an Ancient Greek Minoan bronze short sword dating back to the Bronze Age between circa 1700-1400 B.C. The blade features a double-edged tapering design crafted with precision and expertise. A short tang is pierced with a rivet hole to attach a handle.

This ancient artifact serves as a testament to the skill and creativity of the artisans of the era.

REFERENCES: For related Greek Minoan swords, please see the link below:

http://www.salim...

This is an exceptionally rare artifact from the Northern Black Sea Region, dating back to the 6th-4th century B.C. It is a bronze horse bit that was used by the Scythians - a nomadic tribe that roamed the Eurasian steppes during ancient times. The bit is composed of two interlocking straight mouthpieces, intricately notched with ribbed patterns that add to its aesthetic appeal. The bit also features integral key head rings that demonstrate the Scythians' advanced metallurgical skills. This rem...

This ancient Scythian bronze horse bit dates back to the 6th-4th century B.C. It was found in the Northern Black Sea Region and is a remarkable relic of history. The bit is made up of two-curved shanks that are designed to fit comfortably in a horse's mouth. It also features three rein rings that are integral to the bit's function, allowing the rider to control the horse's movements with ease. The craftsmanship of this bit is truly impressive and serves as a testament to the skill and artistry o...

This is a remarkable piece of history - an exquisite bronze short sword or dagger blade from the Mycenaean period of Ancient Greece, dating back to approximately 1500 B.C. The blade showcases an intricate design, with a double-edged tapering shape that tapers towards the tip. The central rib, which runs through the blade's center, is particularly striking, adding to the weapon's aesthetic appeal. The blade also boasts a short tang with a rivet hole to attach a handle.

It's fascinating to th...

This is an Achaean archer's arrowhead that was crafted in bronze using the V-shaped tanged technique. It belongs to the type VIII b category and dates back to the Bronze Age, which lasted from 1500 B.C. until the final phases of the Mycenaean period in 1100 B.C. Ancient Greek archers commonly used this type of arrowhead during the Trojan War.

REFERENCES: For related Greek - Achaean's V-shaped tanged arrowhead, please see:

1. http://www.salimbeti.com/micenei/weapons3.htm

2. https:...

Ancient Mediterranean Greek, Bronze Age, circa 1700 B.C. short sword or dagger blade. Its tapering double-edged blade is made of copper alloy and has been expertly cast and hand-forged to perfection. The pronounced guard protects the wielder's hand during combat. The narrow handle ensures a secure grip, making it an ideal weapon for close-quarters combat. This amazing piece of history dates back to approximately 1700 B.C. and is a rare find that any collector or history enthusiast would be proud...

An interesting gable stamp seal with the Zig-zag engraving that has been interpreted by scolars in seals as an early representation of a Scorpio, Anatolia or Syria, c. 4th. millenium BC.

Finely polished and engraved, rectangular with a clear gable form. Drilled.

Size: 21 x 19 mm.

Condition: Good Very fine for the type, with a nice patina, uncleaned deposits.

Provenance: Gustav Oberländer (1926-2012), Oberländer aquired his massive and important coll...

A choice collection of unresearched stamp seals, all with different designs, c. 6th.-3rd. millenium BC.

The small collection includes seals carved in a variety of stones; there's a gable seal from the 4th. millenium, several early rectangular seals with cross patterns, some with grit-patterns and a couple of later stone seals, one with a 'sun' pattern, probably from the Persian hemisphere.

Size: Up to 2 cm.

Condition: Choice! All are basically intact and some w...

Superb quality antique medieval 9th - 10th century A.D. Viking warrior spearhead. This beautifully and extremely well hand forged steel spearhead has a sturdy, tapered, diamond cross-section blade chiseled on both sides with two narrow fullers.

The blade has a slightly vi...

Interesting and quite rare light brown stone cylinder seal, Early 3rd. millenium BC.

A beautiful and highly concave cylinder seal carved with long centripeds! The seal dates to the 3rd. milleniun BC - Pre-Early Dynastic. Finely carved and high attractive!

Size: 22 x 16 mm.

Condition: Good Very Fine, basically intact and with a nice ancient patina, very sharp.

Provenance: Gustav Oberländer (1926-2012), Oberländer aquired his massive and important co...

Lot of three very attractive and massive Sasanian stamp seals in beautiful stones, all with engravings relative to the Gilgamesh myth in low relief, 3th.-6th. cent. AD.

A nice lot that we bundle to safe listing time!

Diameter: 30, 31 and 26 mm.!

Condition: Fine to Very Fine.

Provenance: Gustav Oberländer (1926-2012), Oberländer aquired his massive and important collection between 1985 - 2000s, bought at reputable dealers and from old collections. Gus...

South German Nuremberg hand-hammered brass alms dish, late Gothic, early 16th century, circa 1500-1530 AD, with a rare pattern stamped in relief. The artwork portrays the Blessed Virgin Mary standing with Christ the Child. She is depicted as the Queen of Heaven, standing upon the crescent moon and surrounded by a mandorla of sun rays. She is dressed in elaborate garments and wears a crown. She holds a long ornate scepter in her left hand, while on her right arm, she cradles Baby Jesus, who ha...

Onion-shaped vessel with finely impressed ribs on the rounded exterior of the body.
The flat shoulder topped by a narrow neck with flared bell mouth. The thin handle curves from neck to shoulder.
The vessel is covered with an attractive jet black glaze that creates a brilliant reflection in any light.
Reserved just above and underneath the base.
For comparable examples, cf. Beazley Archive database nos. 9014274 and 9032276.
Ceramic
Apulian, 350-300 BC

Interesting stamp seal in a greenish black stone, Anatolia, Neo Hittite states of the late 2nd.-early 1st. millenium BC.

The seal with high pierced handle and oval base, engraved with what appears to be scriptsigns, perhaps Luwian, we're not experts in these.

Size: 22 mm tall and quite massive.

Condition: good Very fine, nicely preserved with fine patina and a sharp imprint.

Provenance: Gustav Oberländer (1926-2012), Oberländer aquired his massive...

Interesting and massive bronze ring with standing human on the Bezel, Amlash / South Caspian Sea area, c. early 2nd. millenium BC.

An unsually large ring for it's type. Normally these are decorated with applied patterns on a spiral - in this case the ringmaker also found space for a standing human figure with a weapon or a staff in his left hand, likely a mythical figure or a warrior. Lovely red and blue-green patina!

Size: The round bezel measure 27 mm. in diameter and the...

A nice larger terracotta fertility figure of female form, Bajaur (Indus Valley), c. 3000-2500 BC.

A hollow mould-made Indus Valley red terracotta statuette modelled in a stylised manner with applied facial features of birdlike form. Also with applied arms and beasts on the cone-shaped body.

Size: 14,5 cm. tall and 8 cm. wide.

Condition: Very fine for type, a few losses to the applications in antiquity, no modern repairs and with nice patina.

Ex Antiqui...

An unusually large and choice terracotta fertility figure of female form, Bajaur (Indus Valley), c. 3000-2500 BC.

A hollow mould-made Indus Valley red terracotta statuette modelled in a stylised manner with applied facial features of birdlike form. Also with applied arms and beasts on the cone-shaped body.

Size: 20,7 cm. tall and 8,3 cm. wide.

Condition: Choice for type, with a few smaller losses to applikations in antiquity, no modern repairs and with nice patin...

An unusually large and choice terracotta fertility figure of female form, Bajaur (Indus Valley), c. 3000-2500 BC.

A hollow mould-made Indus Valley red terracotta statuette modelled in a stylised manner with applied facial features of birdlike form. Also with applied arms and beasts on the cone-shaped body.

Size: 21 cm. tall and 8 cm. wide.

Condition: Choice for type, almost completely intact minor loss to nose, no modern repairs and with nice patina.

E...

Rare ancient Romano-Celtic solid silver zoomorphic fibula brooch, finely hand-shaped as a wild boar. Roman Empire 1st-2nd century AD.

The fibula is not cast like most Roman and Celtic fibulas but is entirely handmade. The board and the base are hand-cut from solid silver plaque, hand-sculptured, and then chiseled with fine details.

Also, the attachment pin is entirely handmade.

In Celtic mythology, the wild boar represents the Celtic God "Moccus," who is identified with Mercury. He...

Ancient palstave axe, originating from Europe. The axe dates back to 1400-1200 B.C., making it an ancient relic of historical value. It is made of cast and polished bronze and has a typical form. The massive axe head features a dramatic flared vertical blade, a thick blade neck with a recessed triangular design, two lateral hafting flanges, and a thin stop bar.

The skilled craftsmanship showcased in the axe is a testament to the advanced metallurgical techniques of early civilizations. Its ...

Very rare, museum-quality, ancient Canaanite short sword-dagger that originated from the Holy Land during the early Bronze Age IV (2300-2000 BC). It was made during the time of the biblical patriarch Abraham and is cast and hammered from bronze. The sword has a double-edged tapered blade with a bulged cardinal nerve and slanted shoulders. Additionally, the heart-shaped tang is pierced with eight rivet holes, which were used to attach handles made of a different material. Four rivets remain in p...

Ancient Hittite 2000 B.C. -1500 B.C. Western Asia, Anatolia, bronze figurine of a Zebu Bull standing majestically on four legs with horns, body pierced with a hole for suspension. Cast with fine details using a lost wax method.

MEASUREMENTS: Overall length: 4.8 cm (1.89 inches). Height: 4.5 (1.77 inches) Weight: 48 grams.

CONDITION: In good condition considering its age to be over 2700 years, showing its age and usage with a green patina and earthen mineral deposits, one horn bro...

Ancient 5th -3rd century B.C. Scytho - Siberian (Siberian Scythian) solid silver belt plaque in the shape of a crouched feline perhaps a leopard fitted at the reverse with two loops for attachment. The two attachment loops are made of silver strips soldered to the rear of the plaque. The plaque is cast, then hand reshaped in repousse, pierced, and chased.

MEASUREMENTS: Overall length in a straight line:7.5cm (2.95 inches). Width: 3.1 cm (1.22 inches). Weight: 28 grams.

Provenance...

Authentic, ancient, cast bronze Etruscan hand mirror. It dates back to Etruria (Italy) around 350-200 BC and is in a typical Etruscan form with a tapered stem handle. It is shaped like a circular disc with a slight concave on the reverse and has a pronounced two-stage lip engraved in concentric circles. The lip is also incised with a continuous groove around the rim and adorned with an engraved lobed rosette in the form of a flower head.

This mirror is a rare example of a children's mirro...

This is an exceptional piece of history - a museum-quality bronze axe head from the Luristan region, dating back to the period of 1250-900 BC. The axe head boasts a unique design, featuring a flaring and downward-curved blade accentuated by central and side reliefs. The cylindrical ribbed shaft enhances its aesthetics, and four conical spikes ensure stability. This artifact offers a glimpse into the ancient world and the remarkable craftsmanship of that era.

MEASUREMENTS:

Overall len...

This exquisite artifact is an ancient North-Western Asiatic short bronze sword or dagger that dates back to a period between 1200 and 800 B.C. The craftsmanship is truly impressive, as the sword has been cast using the lost wax process to create a perfectly formed solid bronze hilt of oval shape. The hilt is adorned with double rings that give it a unique and elegant appearance. The elliptical pommel extends to the bronze bolsters in the form of animal heads, adding character and charm to the sw...

An important Germanic Visigothic belt buckle from the Migration Period, 6th century AD, Kingdom of the Visigoth, Iberian Peninsula.

The buckle plate is rectangular and has been made using the Cloisonne technique.

The front surface of the buckle is adorned with lozenge-shaped natural lapis lazuli stone set in a solid gold setting. It is surrounded by green and cobalt blue glass and copper alloy straps.

The rectangular plate has been connected to a thick oval loop by two hinge...

This remarkable artifact is a bronze sword that dates back to the 14th and 10th century B.C. It was discovered in the North-Western Asiatic-Caspian Sea area and features a finely cast tapering double-edged blade with a median ridge. At the ricasso, there is a raised penannular panel that adds a unique touch to the sword's design. The grip is integral, with flanges to the edges that make it easy to hold, and each face is hollowed to insert a pair of grip scales. Originally, the handle would have ...

Ancient Egyptian or Canaanite bronze 'Duckbill' axe-head, Middle Kingdom–Early New Kingdom 2100– 1500 B.C.

Sturdy cast in two halves with a triangular blade, a medial ridge flanked with two oblong openings, and a small round eye for inserting a wooden socket.

Such duckbill axes were mainly produced in Egypt and Syria-Palestine during Phase IIA of the Middle Bronze Age, roughly contemporaneous with the 12th Dynasty in Egypt.

At that time, these territories were under the rule of...

This exquisite ancient artifact is a bronze sword from the North-Western Asiatic "Amlash" region, which dates back to the 10th-8th century B.C. The sword was discovered in the vicinity of the Caspian Sea area and is a rare find. The intricate design of the hilt is formed of two segments, with the grip featuring a square section. The disk pommel is extended to a conical molding, making it visually striking. The penannular guard is elliptical in shape and holds a double-edged tapering blade with a...

Ancient Scythian iron short sword-dagger also known as an Akinakes, Acinaces or Akinak, dating back to the 6th-5th century B.C. and was found in the Northern Black Sea Region. It has a sturdy, double-edged tapering blade, a flattened hilt with a ribbed grip, a rectangular and butterfly-shaped guard, and a T-shaped pommel.

REFERENCES:​

1."De l'épée scythe au sabre mongol: Les armes blanches des nomades de la steppe IXe siècle avant J-C - XIXe siècle après J-C" by Iaroslav Lebedy...