All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Wood : Pre 1920 item #1352061
Japanese mingei hinoki water wheel. Complete 11 spokes with paddles used as a functional water wheel. Iron piston protrudes from the central hub for rotational function.

19th Century

Size: 47 1/2" x 6"
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Pottery : Pre 1920 item #1351923 (stock #1125)
19,5 cm wide. 9 cm high. Good Conditions.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : African : Sculpture : Pre 1920 item #1351902
Antique Japanese tamba storage jar. Large open mouth with akadobe glaze, which consists of russet and blue runny glaze. Tapers in shape down to the base. This form is animated through the irregularities of the firing of the kiln.

Edo Period 19th Century

25" Diameter x 24"
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Metalwork : Pre 1920 item #1351796
Antique Japanese iron tomiodai candleholder. Includes full five tiered with twenty five iron prickets, used in traditional buddhist or Shinto rituals. Forged iron with age consistent to usage.

Meiji Period 19th Century

Size: 27.5" L x 14.5" W x 26.25" H
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Metalwork : Pre 1700 item #1351761 (stock #6211i)
A Bronze Vase with lobed rim and base. The central tree trunk section with applied branches and flowering magnolia. A good dark patina. Chinese 17/18thC. Height: 7″ (17.7 cm). Condition: light wear, slight depression to rim.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Pottery : Pre 1920 item #1351733 (stock #1122)
14,5 cm wide from handle to spout. 9,5 cm high. Good condition except chipped at inside the lid.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Pottery : Pre 1920 item #1351730 (stock #1119)
10 cm wide from the spout to the handle. 5 cm high. has small chipped at the spout and inside the lid. the colour of the lid little bit different but shape and the size match. no crack , no repair.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Middle Eastern : Metalwork : Pre 1920 item #1351455
Antique Indian gold damascene iron shield. Original remnants of the hand grip materials, which consist of leather and cushion cut velvet remaining on the inside of the shield. Four protruded mounts are gold damascened with fine floral detailing.

Mogul 18th Century, India

Size: 13" Diameter x 2" H
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Tea Articles : Pre 1900 item #1351399 (stock #TRC1640)
A pottery tradition that harkens from the Mino region of Japan, Shino-yaki dates from the Azuchi Momoyama period. It came into fashion when first commissioned by renowned Muromachi cha-jin (tea masters) Shino Soushin. This is thought to be the first type of pottery in Japan to feature drawn paintings on the ceramic surface.

This attractive e-Shino bowl (“e” meaning picture) bears an abstract motif on a background of white feldspar...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Porcelain : Pre 1800 item #1351398 (stock #TRC1639)
A beautiful and delicate white porcelain composition with low-relief molded seashell design lining the inside. The overall condition of the bowl and several oxidation marks on the bottom suggest considerable age—at least several hundred years. The box lid bears the character “定” which can be translated as “truth” or “certainty.” The origin of this piece is unknown, though the previous owner regarded it as Chinese (Northern Song)...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Tea Articles : Pre 1700 item #1351396 (stock #0359)

Really important Ko-Karatsu (kogaratsu - oldest Karatsu ware made during the 16th century) Madara tea bowl with a yobitsugi repair of highest quality.

The bowl is a so called Madara Karatsu tea bowl (provenance is the legendary Hobashira-kiln) due to its typical cookie-like sandy clay and wonderful blue-purplish flecks.

But its true highlight is the perfect traditional yobitsugi restoration with a pure silver gintsugi (kintsugi)...

All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Swords and Related : Pre 1920 item #1351387
Antique Japanese Yumi set of six Hawk feather and arrow reed. These were used to shoot long distances before and after the introduction of firearms. Mounted on a custom stand for a stunning presentation.

Meiji Period 19th Century

Size: 36.5" L each (on display 16.5" W x 4" D x 37.75" H)
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Swords and Related : Pre 1920 item #1351386
The Japanese matchlock was introduced to the Japanese by the Portuguese during the Sengoku period. Originally called teppo, it was known as the name tanegashima where its origins was founded.
The tanegashima rifle where used by the samurai class and their foot solders (ashiguru) and within a few years of the introduction of the munition it completely altered Japanese warfare. This long rifle gun has an octagonal russet iron barrel with a flat sighting plain on top and a bore of 3/4”...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Swords and Related : Pre 1920 item #1351381
Introduced to Japan through the Portuguese in 1543. Intended for use by mounted samurai, these pistols where called horsemen cannon's (Bajo zutsu).
They proved however to be totally impractical weapons to fire, since the rider had to ignite a piece of chord to the lock, while aiming the chamber and at the same time controlling his moving horse. None the less, owning a pistol remained a symbol of a samurai family's power, rank, and wealth...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Lacquer : Pre 1920 item #1351378
Of Steeply conical form with a bulbous top. This jingasa is constructed of hide and cloth, shaped in a mold, lacquered in reddish brown lacquer, with a gilt rising sun mon on the rounded apex.
The samurai class in feudal Japan, as well as their retainers and footsoldiers (ashigaru), used several types of jingasa made from iron, copper, wood, paper, bamboo, or leather...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Swords and Related : Pre 1920 item #1351318
The netsuke is made in the shape of a matchlock pistol. It is composed of different material such as wood, brass, and iron. Constructed during the Meiji period for export to the European market. Mounted on a custom iron stand.

Meiji Period 19th Century

Size: 3.75" L x 1" W x 1.5" H
(4.75" H on stand)
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Metalwork : Pre 1920 item #1351317
Unusual original Japanese flint lighter netsuke. Constructed of iron and brass, this piece would have been used to create a steady fame in less then perfect conditions. The striker would create contact friction and create a spark igniting the fuel source. Firearms at this time required a flame in order to ignite the fuse. Original russet patina with all parts still intact.

Edo period (1603-1868)

Size: 2" L x 1" W x 1.5" H
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Furniture : Pre 1920 item #1351213
Antique Japanese isho tansu (clothing chest) from the Sendai area, made with all Keyaki (elm) wood front with dramatic grain and translucent lacquer finish, elaborate thick iron hardware including moko shaped drawer pulls and ornate raised scrolling vine lock plates with floral mon, large drawer on top, three shorter drawers, two small drawers and a safebox on its right side, which also has ornate iron lotus mon and opens with a ring pull...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Pre 1920 item #1351131
A functionary yumi rattan bow string holder is an essential munition of an archer. Material is wooven rattan in spool shape used to wrap sinew string, strapped with leather and horn. The horn contains powdered rosin used as dry lubrication. Mounted on a custom iron stand.

19th Century

Size: 9" L x 4.5" W x 1.5" D (12.5" H on stand)
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Metalwork : Pre 1920 item #1351124
The mask is of dark brown russet lacquer finish and the interior is smoothed lacquered red. The high jaw his two protrusion hooks for strapping the cords, underneath the chin is a vent hole. The mask is fitted with yodare kare of three row of false scale lace and blue silk.

19th Century Edo Period

Size: 6.75" L x 3" W x 8.5" H (12.5" H on stand)
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Tea Articles : Pre 1900 item #1350901 (stock #TRC1638)
With a sturdy foot firmly grounded, the upper rim of this piece rises and falls, somewhat reminiscent of a mountain path. Combined with the plum blossoms floating on the white background, these elements together suggest balance and harmony.

Oribe is a visual style named after the late-16th-century tea master Furuta Oribe (1544-1615)...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Americas : Pre Columbian : Pottery : Pre 1492 item #1350871 (stock #LS201701)
Ancient Artifacts
Sale Pending
This extremely rare incised Eagle effigy Aztec pipe was found by the famous Dr. Allen Hefin in western Mexico on 5/25/63. This piece is flawless in every way except for a tiny nick on the bottom of the stem. The patina is wonderful. It is 7" long and the bowl is 1" wide. This pipe is classified as a Michoacán procedentes and only a handful are known to exist. Three Aztec pipes were sold at Sotheby's auction on March 23rd, 2015 for $12,176. None were near as nice as this one...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Porcelain : Pre 1700 item #1350844
Diameter approximately 38.3 cm. There are cracks at the center. Crackle-glazed. Some soft chips at the rim. In good condition.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Porcelain : Pre 1910 item #1350793 (stock #S501)
A Very Fine and Large Blue and White Prunus Double Gourd Vase. Finely decorated with flowering Prunus on a cracked ice ground. Chinese L19thC. Height: 17 1/4" (43.8 cm). Condition: excellent, perfect. No chips, cracks or restoration. Two firing blemishes on foot.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Hardstones : Pre 1910 item #1350641 (stock #nephriteheng)
A Chinese nephrite pendant (珩)with double dragon head, Waring State style, late Qing Dynasty. Length: 3-5/8" (9 cm).
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Indian Subcontinent : India : Pre 1800 item #1350540
Hand coloured print of Marquis Cornwallis receiving the 2 sons of Tipu Sultan as hostages after the battle and seige of Seringapatam in1792. Pub. by Haines, London 1796.35 x 25 cm. mounted on card. Can be viewed in central London and shipped worldwide.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Indian Subcontinent : India : Pre 1900 item #1350518
23 different Indian mica paintings in 2 paper albums, each with ink descriptions beneath. Undated, estimated to be mid 19th century. Each painting 17.5 x 12 cm. Good condition. Can be viewed in central London and shipped worldwide
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Southeast Asian : Ceramics : Pre 1492 item #1350191 (stock #TR2746)
A rare Vietnamese Annamese 15th century blue and white bowl with dragon chasing flaming pearl motif, good condition with small restoration on the rim, please see picture for detail, size: 13 cm diameter, 8 cm height.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Sculpture : Pre 1837 VR item #1350172 (stock #1-1006)
Statue of Buddha Amithaba, in monk's robes, sitting on an elaborate lotus throne, his hands in meditation posture ("abhaya mudra"). Gilt bronze. China, Qing Dynasty, early 19th century. Height: 24.5 cm. Old accident (restored) on the left side of the top of the head, otherwise very good condition.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Metalwork : Pre 1900 item #1350124 (stock #1117)
Chinese Qing dynasty incense burner bronze censer. Xuande mark. 12,5 cm mouth rim diameter. 18 cm wide from handle to handle. 6,7 cm high. censer has been cleaned and has smooth dent ( please see at the pictures ) no crack, no repair.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Porcelain : Pre 1700 item #1350087 (stock #700)
An perfectly potted porcelain bowl, decorated in underglaze Cobalt blue with an very nice clouds-decor. The tone of the Cobalt blue is very attractive and the glaze of this bowl is simply perfect. Ming Dynasty, Wanli period ( 1522 - 1620 ). Diameter: 11,9 cm. H: 6,8 cm. Condition : Perfect with a nice "ping-tone" when tapped.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Furniture : Pre 1920 item #1350049
Antique Japanese Funa Tansu (ship safe chest) in original red lacquer Urushi finish. With heavy black iron fittings, a top handle for carrying. The front hinged door plated in iron, incised with Kiri leaf and peony designs, the side lock incised with mushrooms. The interior holds five drawers of varying size with pull handles. Included with a copy of antique certification from Oct. 17 1973.

Late Meiji period (1868-1912)

Size: 13" W x 16.5" D x 15" H
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Porcelain : Pre 1492 item #1349991 (stock #TR 2743)
A rare Song dynasty longquan celadon blue green washer, good condition with some crackled at the glaze surface no chip no restoration, size: 13 cm diameter.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Furniture : Pre 1920 item #1349912
Antique Japanese two-section gifu choba tansu (accountant's chest) made with Hinoki (cypress) and Sugi (cedar) wood. The top section has two sliding doors with slats, and an open compartment inside with two drawers. The bottom section has an open storage compartment behind another pair of sliding doors, with five drawers and a lock safe.

Meiji period (1868-1912)

Size: 33" L x 14.25" W x 55" H
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Porcelain : Pre 1492 item #1349749 (stock #TR 2735)
A rare sample of Yuan dynasty with imported Persian blue and white jar, excavated from trowulan east java, jar has been broken and re struck please see picture for detail, size: 6 cm diameter, 5 cm height.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Korean : Ceramics : Pre 1492 item #1349635 (stock #1515)
A Very Fine Korean White Slip Inlaid Punchong Bowl with Flower heads-16th C.: Korea, Joseon period, 16th cenatury. Inlaid overall in white slip, decorated in the center with a xtylized chrysanthemum flower head, encircled by alternating bands of seed and lappet patterns all below a narrow band of stylized tufrs of grass, the ezterior with similar decoration, supported on a wide foot rim, applied with celadon glaze overall surfaces including base...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Snuff Bottles : Pre 1900 item #1349480 (stock #1-1001)
Mottled green jade snuff bottle, of rounded flat shape. Silver and bronze stopper with a coral insert on its top. Spoon missing. China, 19th century. Height of the bottle without its top: 6,3 cm. Tiny chip on the rim, otherwise very good condition.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Stoneware : Pre 1900 item #1349403 (stock #0356)

In our opinion this is the best Iga Vase, we have ever seen. Massive and intentionally distorted Vase of wonderful native Iga clay. The vase is 3300 g heavy and has a height of 8,1'' and a width of 7,1'', which is very tall for an antique Iga vase.

The vase was made between 1800 - 1850 during the later Edo Period and is in good antique condition. No repairs. Only an untimportant chip on the bottom caused during the process of firing...

All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Indian Subcontinent : Pre AD 1000 item #1349329 (stock #1-1000)
Small reliquary box, of cylindrical shape, with its cupola shaped lid ending in a decorated point at its top. The body of the box is decorated with three floral decorations in relief, surmounting a geometric design also in relief. Silver alloy, with a fine age patina. Remnants of soil encrustations. Pakistan, Graeco-Buddhist art, Gandhara Period, Ca. 1st to 3rd century. Height: 7.8 cm. Old accidents, good condition. NOTE: this reliquary is the last of a collection of reliquary boxes acquired yea...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Porcelain : Pre 1837 VR item #1349167 (stock #EW2990)
A large robustly potted Chinese square section canister decorated in typical Chinoiserie style with a scene of Pavillions, Bridges and islands dating to the early 19th century. The vase stands approximately 13 inches high and is 8 inches square. It is in good condition except for a hairline crack from the shoulder with related chip, and a restoration work to the neck. The extensive overpainting apparently hiding a chip, possibly filled, and a re-stuck piece to the neck. Additional images are av...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Porcelain : Pre 1837 VR item #1349166 (stock #EW2989)
A large robustly potted Chinese square section canister decorated in typical Chinoiserie style with a scene of Pavillions, Bridges and islands dating to the early 19th century. The vase stands approximately 13 inches high and is 8 inches square. It is in excellent condition with no cracks, chips or restoration. UK Shipping is included in the sterling £ price, and worldwide shipping is included in the US $ price. It is a very heavy item. Its pair is listed separately.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Porcelain : Pre 1800 item #1349153 (stock #EW 2988)
A dish of auspicious shuronagata, hemp palm form, decorated in gilt outlined enamels with Bamboo and Prunus, emblematic of the season of Spring and the New Year. The reverse decorated with three pairs of ribbon tied shippo, and a six character reign mark for the Chinese Emperor Chenghua. The base of the dish supported by set of 4 spur marks distributed in a Y shaped form. The dish was probably produced at the Kakiemon kiln in the Nangawara valley. See no 254 at page 135 Kakiemon – The Whole A...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Porcelain : Pre 1800 item #1349152 (stock #EW2987)
A dish of auspicious shuronagata, hemp palm form, decorated in gilt outlined enamels with Bamboo and Prunus, emblematic of the season of Spring and the New Year. The reverse decorated with three pairs of ribbon tied shippo, and a six character reign mark for the Chinese Emperor Chenghua. The base of the dish supported by set of 4 spur marks distributed in a Y shaped form. The dish was probably produced at the Kakiemon kiln in the Nangawara valley. See no 254 at page 135 Kakiemon – The Whole A...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Trade Arts : Pre 1800 item #1349149 (stock #1A4B)
Four(4) Chinese Export Blue and White Porcelain Plates, Qianlong period 1736-1795, 9" diameter, 1 1/8" high, underglaze blue decoration of landscape design inside Fan in the center within four(4) sets of floral decoration, and sprays of floral and fan shape design spread out on the outer border with thin brown color rim. One(1) chip size of 1/4" x 1/8" under the rim, small bruise on the one of the plate, several frits on the bottom rim.
All Items : Antiques : Decorative Art : Jewelry : Pre 1837 VR item #1349084 (stock #SR4639)
Flat cut almandine garnets were the most popular gemstone of the Georgian period shown here in a rarely found naturalistic floral and leaf design necklace set in 18K gold. The pansy shaped flowers represent remembrance.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Baskets : Pre 1920 item #1348897
Antique Japanese woven bamboo traveling basket/trunk, with iron side handles and locks, an iron hinged top, lined in old light blue paper.

Size: 26" L x 16.5" W x 13" H
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Porcelain : Pre 1700 item #1348877 (stock #697)
Nice Kobalt blue, very nice smooth glaze. Ming Dynasty Wanli period ( 1573 - 1620 ) Jingdezhen ware. Diameter : 16,5 cm. H : 17,9 cm. Condition : There is one crack to the neck towards the rim and another crack to the body of the Kendi. Since both cracks seem to be very old both cracks do not desturb the nice appearance of the piece. ( Please have a look at the enlargements )
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Woodblock Prints : Pre 1920 item #1348737
Japanese woodblock print of two beautiful ladies at the ocean, with a basket full of shells they've collected. With calligraphy in right margin.

Size: 7.25" W x 9.5" H (artwork only)
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Porcelain : Pre 1900 item #1348635
Diameter approximately 25 cm. There is a short hairline at the rim. In good condition.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Furniture : Pre 1920 item #1348558
Antique Chinese hardwood clothing cabinet, made with Jumu (elm) wood, with two large front hinged doors locked with center brass locking pin and double-fish pulls, its interior with two shelves and pair of small drawers.

19th century

Size: 37" L x 18.5" W x 67" H
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Korean : Ceramics : Pre 1700 item #1348533 (stock #1539)
An Extrem. Rare/Fine Korean Punchong Bowl Incised with Character “天” -15th C.: Korea, Joseon dynasty, 15th century. ***This is a one of a kind incised character “天” shallow punching bowl (we can see only a character “天” in the highest quality of white glazed bowls for a Palace use in early Joseon dynasty-15th century). Set on a raised ring foot, and decorated in inlaid white slip, with a flowerhead medallion, surrounded b a wide band of “rope-curtain...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Americas : American Indian : Pottery : Pre 1492 item #1348529 (stock #1115)
Anasazi / Cedar Creek Poly-chrome bowl ca. 1300 ad., it is approx: 10"wide X 5"high, it has approx: 1 to 2% restoration with no enhancement to design. A Release and Disclosure" Statement will be provided. IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN BUYING OR MAKING A OFFER PLEASE EMAIL ME TIM JONES AT tejones0433@msn.com
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Textiles : Pre 1920 item #1348495 (stock #12536)
Futonji made of hand-spun cotton with tsutsugaki orizuru (origami crane) motif and dyed with natural indigo. It has green color lining which is also hand-spun cotton and dyed with natural indigo and yellow color. In excellent condition except for a hole near hem in the indigo cover, indigo faded parts and some holes in the green lining. Late 19th to early 20th century. 158cm x 188cm
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Wood : Pre 1920 item #1348227
Chinese scholar root sculpture in the form of a rams head. The rams symbolized filial piety, an important virtue, a primary duty of respect and obedience towards the care of ones parents and elderly family members. Unusual Mounted Chinese solid burl wood scholar's object, naturally formed in striking resemblance to the head of a ram.

A highly attractive root wood contemplation piece. Mounted on custom antiqued bronze step stand for enhanced viewing.

Size: 11" L x 8...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Japanese : Tea Articles : Pre 1800 item #1348117 (stock #TRC1635)
A lovely Shino tea bowl fashioned from coarse Mino clay and covered in a crackled feldspar glazing. The front of the bowl is decorated with paintings of abstract foliage—possibly the lilting leaves of a willow tree—and the base of the bowl is unglazed, displaying rough clay. The paintings, which are applied using a ferrous glaze, along with the han-zutsu shape (half cylinder) are very typical of this type of Shino-ware. This particular piece appears to date from early to mid-Edo, has an inte...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Porcelain : Pre 1700 item #1348088 (stock #696)
Painted in vibrant red and green tones with medallion enclosing figures in a garden. Ming Dynasty, Zhengde - Jiajing Period, 16th. century. Diameter : 29,3 cm. Condition : Perfect, no repair. Provenance : German collection. There is a old paper to the back of the dish in German language which indicates, that this dish was found in North Sumatra ( Aceh area ), and that the dish was purchased at the 10th of October 1973 in Medan, North Sumatra. Please see a similar dish in the catalogue : Sothebys...
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Porcelain : Pre 1492 item #1347859 (stock #TR 2734)
pigura art shop
On Hold
A rare Yuan dynasty blue and white stemcup with Chinese character motif, inside there is anhua dragon motif, good condition no damage, glaze degradation, excavated from a shipwreck near riau islands, size: 9 cm height.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Porcelain : Pre 1492 item #1347857 (stock #TR 2733)
A rare Yuan dynasty blue and white large bowl with flower lotus pond motif, bowl has been broken and re attach restruck please see picture for detail, size: 17 cm diameter.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Porcelain : Pre 1492 item #1347852 (stock #TR 2732)
A rare Yuan dynasty under glaze blue and white large bowl with rare anhua flower motif on interior, bowl has been broken and restruck / re attach, please see picture for detail, excavated from east java, size 12 cm diameter.
All Items : Antiques : Regional Art : Asian : Chinese : Porcelain : Pre 1492 item #1347847 (stock #TR 2731)
A rare Yuan dynasty blue and white large plate with mandarin ducks and crane bird motif at lotus pond, condition has been broken and restruct / re attach, excavated from east java, size: 29 cm diameter.